免疫去势

对于传统的手术绝育，医生和宠物主人或许都一直认为它是只有好处没有坏处的，然而事实是否真的如此呢？答案并不是肯定的。所以为了给爱宠的医生和主人们有更全面的了解，今天源源找来国外的一篇文章翻译部分给大伙们参考，同时原文也会附上给小伙伴们咯。

公狗阉割，从积极的方面来说：

•可以消除死于睾丸癌的小风险（可能<1%）

•降低非癌性前列腺疾病的风险

•降低肛周瘘管的风险

•可能降低糖尿病的风险（数据不确定）

从消极的方面来说，

•如果在1岁之前进行，会显著增加骨肉瘤（骨癌）的风险；这是中/大型和大型犬种的常见癌症，且很难预防。

•心脏血管肉瘤的风险增加1.6倍

•甲状腺功能减退的风险增加三倍

•老年性认知障碍的风险增加三倍

•肥胖的风险增加三倍，肥胖是许多相关健康问题犬的常见健康问题

•前列腺癌的小风险（小于0.6%）增加四倍

•将尿路癌的小风险（<1%）增加一倍

•增加骨科疾病的风险

•增加接种疫苗的不良反应风险

对母犬来说，情况更为复杂。在某些（并非所有）病例中，与阉割相关的健康益处可能超过相关的健康问题。总的来说，阉割是否能提高总体健康状况良好的几率，或降低整体健康状况，可能取决于母犬的年龄以及不同品种的各种疾病的相对风险。

从积极的方面来说，给母狗做子宫切除术：

•如果在2.5岁之前做，会大大降低患乳腺肿瘤的风险，乳腺肿瘤是母狗最常见的恶性肿瘤

•几乎消除了子宫积脓的风险，否则会影响23%的完整母狗；子宫积脓会杀死约1%的完整母狗

•减少肛周瘘管的风险

•消除子宫、宫颈和卵巢肿瘤的极低风险（≤0.5%）

而消极的是：

•如果在1岁之前做，会显著增加骨肉瘤（骨癌）的风险；这是一种常见的大品种癌症，预后不良

•脾脏血管肉瘤的风险增加2.2倍，心脏血管肉瘤的风险增加5倍以上；这是一种常见的癌症，也是某些品种的主要死亡原因。

•甲状腺功能减退的风险增加了三倍。

•肥胖的风险增加了1.6-2倍，狗的一个常见健康问题与许多相关的健康问题有关

•导致4-20%的母狗出现“痉挛性尿失禁”

•增加持续或复发性尿路感染的风险3-4倍

•增加隐匿性外阴炎、阴道皮炎和阴道炎的风险，尤其是对于青春期前做过手术的母狗•尿路肿瘤的小风险（小于1%）增加了一倍

•骨科疾病的风险增加了

•接种疫苗的不良反应风险增加了

原英文文稿相关内容如下

Long-Term Health Risks and Benefits Associated with Spay / Neuter in Dogs

Laura J. Sanborn, M.S.

May 14, 2007 

An objective reading of the veterinary medical literature reveals a complex situation with respect to the longterm health risks and benefits associated with spay/neuter in dogs. The evidence shows that spay/neuter correlates with both positive AND adverse health effects in dogs. It also suggests how much we really do not yet understand about this subject.

On balance, it appears that no compelling case can be made for neutering most male dogs, especially immature male dogs, in order to prevent future health problems. The number of health problems associated with neutering may exceed the associated health benefits in most cases.

On the positive side, neutering male dogs

• eliminates the small risk (probably <1%) of dying from testicular cancer

• reduces the risk of non-cancerous prostate disorders

• reduces the risk of perianal fistulas

• may possibly reduce the risk of diabetes (data inconclusive)

On the negative side, neutering male dogs

• if done before 1 year of age, significantly increases the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer); this is a common cancer in medium/large and larger breeds with a poor prognosis.

• increases the risk of cardiac hemangiosarcoma by a factor of 1.6

• triples the risk of hypothyroidism

• increases the risk of progressive geriatric cognitive impairment

• triples the risk of obesity, a common health problem in dogs with many associated health problems

• quadruples the small risk (<0.6%) of prostate cancer

• doubles the small risk (<1%) of urinary tract cancers

• increases the risk of orthopedic disorders

• increases the risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations

For female dogs, the situation is more complex. The number of health benefits associated with spaying may exceed the associated health problems in some (not all) cases. On balance, whether spaying improves the odds of overall good health or degrades them probably depends on the age of the female dog and the relative risk of various diseases in the different breeds.

On the positive side, spaying female dogs

• if done before 2.5 years of age, greatly reduces the risk of mammary tumors, the most common malignant tumors in female dogs

• nearly eliminates the risk of pyometra, which otherwise would affect about 23% of intact female dogs; pyometra kills about 1% of intact female dogs

• reduces the risk of perianal fistulas

• removes the very small risk (≤0.5%) from uterine, cervical, and ovarian tumors

On the negative side, spaying female dogs

• if done before 1 year of age, significantly increases the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer); this is a common cancer in larger breeds with a poor prognosis

• increases the risk of splenic hemangiosarcoma by a factor of 2.2 and cardiac hemangiosarcoma by a factor of >5; this is a common cancer and major cause of death in some breeds

• triples the risk of hypothyroidism

• increases the risk of obesity by a factor of 1.6-2, a common health problem in dogs with many associated health problems

• causes urinary “spay incontinence” in 4-20% of female dogs

• increases the risk of persistent or recurring urinary tract infections by a factor of 3-4

• increases the risk of recessed vulva, vaginal dermatitis, and vaginitis, especially for female dogs spayed before puberty

• doubles the small risk (<1%) of urinary tract tumors

• increases the risk of orthopedic disorders

• increases the risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations

其实传统手术并非唯一选择，相较于我们高风险的手术绝育，我们还有无痛的免疫方式绝育，即免疫去势，它在同样能达到不发情不繁育的基础效果之上，还有效的避免了健康风险。免疫去势技术是上世纪60年代末走入人们的视野，它用免疫的方法抑制性器官发育,以达到去势目的的技术。通常用促黄体激素释放激素连接于蛋白质载体上,制成合成肽疫苗,用以免疫性器官尚未发育或已经发育的动物。由于促黄体激素释放激素被抗体所中和, 下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴之间的正常反馈调节关系被改变，减少促黄体激素和促卵泡激素的合成和分泌直至消失, 从而使性器官发育停滞,性功能丧失，而达到去势目的。

免疫去势也是一种人道主义的强势维护，它带给了动物们圆满幸福的完整未来。

下一篇：GnRH融合蛋白与绝育手术的对比